Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. [3] Some among those in his military and political circles charged him with corruption and other bad acts. Andr was captured the next day, near Tarrytown, with those plans tucked inside his boot. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? general, has a name that's become synonymous with deceit and. [128][d], Benedict Arnold's name became synonymous with "traitor" soon after his betrayal became public, and biblical themes were often invoked. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. [6][103] Among his bequests were considerable gifts to one John Sage, perhaps an illegitimate son or grandson. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. The second was Benedict Arnold. In 1764, he formed a partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant. [b][6] He led British forces in the Raid of Richmond and nearby areas, and they burned much of New London, Connecticut, to the ground and slaughtered surrendering forces after the Battle of Groton Heightsjust a few miles downriver from the town where he had grown up. In 1787, he moved to Canada to run a merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry. Arnold became a shrewd and prosperous trader in New Haven while also joining the local militia in 1774 and being named its captain soon thereafter. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. His ventures met with mixed success. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold who was once governor of the colony of Connecticut. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." Peggy's Childhood Peggy was the daughter of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Philadelphia family. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. Arnold was let off with just a slap on the wrist, but again his pride had been wounded. He was also convicted of two minor charges of using his authority to make a profit. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army, he later pursued various business ventures, including land speculation in Canada. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources). Background. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. While there, he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying 900[b] to settle a 12,000[b] loan that he had taken while living in Philadelphia. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Arnold established himself in business in 1762 as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut, with the help of the Lathrops. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. Updates? After organizing an assemblage of volunteers, he seized munitions from the New Haven arsenal and led his group northward to fight the British. [18] On one of his voyages, he fought a duel in Honduras with a British sea captain who had called him a "damned Yankee, destitute of good manners or those of a gentleman". Later Arnold revealed to the British that he expected to receive the command of American forces at West Point, New York, and agreed to surrender that garrison to them for 20,000. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. However, his actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777. [22], The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 severely curtailed mercantile trade in the colonies. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. 3. [87], Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. This plan very nearly succeeded, but Arnold changed living quarters prior to sailing for Virginia in December and thus avoided capture. After Arnold was wounded in 1777, George Washington named him military governor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently abandoned by the British. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. He had his leg crudely set, rather than allowing it to be amputated, leaving it 2 inches (5cm) shorter than the right. [29] She is buried in the crypt of the Center Church on New Haven Green. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. The most famous of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from . Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . Therefore, the answer to your question is no, we do not commemorate Benedict Arnold. [49][citation not found], Arnold spent several months recovering from his injuries. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . Congress restored Arnold's command seniority in response to his valor at Saratoga. 5. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Arnold returned to England in 1791, but he left to spend several years privateering in the West Indies before permanently settling in London. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. [88], On August 30, Arnold sent a letter accepting Clinton's terms and proposing a meeting to Andr through yet another intermediary: William Heron, a member of the Connecticut Assembly whom he thought he could trust. He was extremely unpopular there and returned to London permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. . [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. In an ironic twist, Heron went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter and offered his own services to the British as a spy. Andr had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold to verify his movements. [123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army after the war, Arnold pursued various business ventures like land speculation and privateering before permanently settling in London. Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . [6] In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia under orders from Clinton, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. BENEDICT ARNOLD REMAINS the most notorious man in American history, his name a synonym for traitor. Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticutthe fifth person in his family to be named Benedict Arnold. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command. It was General Arnold. He won a victory at Fort Stanwix (now Rome) in August 1777 and commanded advance battalions at the Battle of Saratoga that autumn, fighting brilliantly until seriously wounded. On November 10, 1778, General Nathanael Greene wrote to General John Cadwalader, "I am told General Arnold is become very unpopular among you oweing to his associateing too much with the Tories. Brown was particularly vicious, publishing a handbill which claimed of Arnold, "Money is this man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country". July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. [citation needed]. [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. He did, however, investigate its extent, and suggested that he was willing to exchange Andr for Arnold during negotiations with Clinton concerning Andr's fate. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. "No one has betrayed those in uniform like Donald Trump ," said the voiceover in the latest ad . Benedict Arnold was born a British subject, the second of six children of his father Benedict Arnold III (16831761) and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. attended Canterbury for a while, but when the family's money was lost in some bad business dealings, he had to leave school. His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. Yet as every elementary school student knows, Benedict reneged on his original commitment and defected to England. Together, they won the Battle of Fort Ticonderoga, America's first victory in the Revolutionary War. Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold's treason, while some debate their relative importance. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. [111] He renewed that request when he learned of the surrender, which Clinton then granted. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". After Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army, his British contact, Major John Andr, was captured by the Americans and hanged as a spy while Arnold escaped on a British ship. [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. 4. Benedict died of natural causes, maybe a fever. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759. 8. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. Arnold lost most of his siblings to yellow fever, calamitous events that triggered alcoholism in his father. [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. In that era, people ate most of the common foods without. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. [24] Arnold initially took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to do business openly in defiance of the Parliamentary Acts, which legally amounted to smuggling. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. By the time that he was 14, there was no money for private education. Benedict Arnold is an epithet for traitor in the United States; calling a person a Benedict Arnold implies that they are a traitor. His father was a successful businessman and young Benedict had a comfortable childhood. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. He proposed an action to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to seize Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York, which he knew was poorly defended. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. Despite Arnold's defection to the British, he was a fierce patriot for . He led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast in the Battle of Ridgefield, and was again wounded in his left leg. [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. And those of us with long memories can take some comfort that things didn't go much better for Arnold once he left the colonies to live in . The Hudson River Chain today "[108] Cornwallis ignored Arnold's advice to locate a permanent base away from the coast, advice that might have averted his surrender at Yorktown. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army to the British when he made secret overtures to British headquarters in May 1779 and, a year later, informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? On December 8, 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. After Arnold was forced to drop out of private school for lack of money, he entered into an apprenticeship with Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, two of his mother's cousins. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. [104] He justified his actions in an open letter titled "To the Inhabitants of America", published in newspapers in October 1780. He started as an apprentice Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". Arnold didn't die a heroic death, or even a cowardly death. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. [54] Such schemes were not uncommon among American officers, but Arnold's schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians such as Joseph Reed, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges against him. Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. [89] Eventually, a meeting was set for September 11 near Dobb's Ferry. Corrections? 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