READ FULL REVIEW >. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Which of these commanders carries a bow and arrows as well as a sword? The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. Although it was a long and difficult journey across the entire Asian Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Encyclopedia.com. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. The ships did not set sail again until July. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. The queen died two years later. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. In 1233 Pope Gregory IX (c. 11701241; reigned 122741) established the Inquisition (now known as the medieval Inquisition; see "Inquisition" in Chapter 1). Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. After. Rise of Germany . While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. Add Me. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. A: Enemy Elim . James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. 3. Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. to Europeans. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. 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